Scientists win $2 million to study new pathway in development and maintenance of lymphoma

Public release date: 30-Mar-2012
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Contact: Mika Ono
mikaono@scripps.edu
858-784-2052
Scripps Research Institute

The Scripps Research investigators hope project will reveal suitable drug targets

JUPITER, FL, March 30, 2012 The National Institutes of Health has awarded The Scripps Research Institute $2 million to study the role of a pathway in the development and maintenance of B-cell lymphoma, a type of cancer that begins in immune system and turns normal disease fighting cells into cancers. The disease affects immune cells known as lymphocytes, which are part of our white blood cells.

John Cleveland, PhD, chair of the Department of Cancer Biology on the Scripps Florida campus, will be the principal investigator for the new five-year study.

B-cell lymphomas tend to occur in older patients and in those people whose immune system has been compromised. It is one of the most common blood cancers in the United States and kills about 20,000 Americans each year.

The new project will focus on the role of Myc oncoproteinsthe products of Myc oncogeneswhich are activated in over half of all human tumor types. Myc oncoproteins accelerate the rate of cell growth, which increases the risk of acquiring additional mutations that allow a premalignant cell to develop into a full-blown tumor. In this project, the Cleveland lab will investigate the role of a pathway that controls the destruction of a class of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode proteins that regulate the development and maintenance of tumors.

"This grant allows us to focus on a new pathway that is controlled by Myc that we think is suitable to target for the development of new anti-cancer drugs," said Cleveland, who has led numerous studies shedding light on this oncogene. "We are very hopeful that learning more about this process will open the door for the development of new treatments."

Specifically, the new project aims to define the mechanisms by which Myc controls the expression and function of Tristetraprolin or TTP, a mRNA-binding protein that normally controls the destruction of a subset of important mRNAs. Importantly, Research Associate Robert Rounbehler, PhD, and other colleagues in the Cleveland lab have shown that TTP functions as a tumor suppressor that impairs the development and maintenance of B lymphoma. Their findings indicating that agents that regulate TTP or affect its key mRNA targets hold great promise as anti-cancer agents.

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 30-Mar-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Mika Ono
mikaono@scripps.edu
858-784-2052
Scripps Research Institute

The Scripps Research investigators hope project will reveal suitable drug targets

JUPITER, FL, March 30, 2012 The National Institutes of Health has awarded The Scripps Research Institute $2 million to study the role of a pathway in the development and maintenance of B-cell lymphoma, a type of cancer that begins in immune system and turns normal disease fighting cells into cancers. The disease affects immune cells known as lymphocytes, which are part of our white blood cells.

John Cleveland, PhD, chair of the Department of Cancer Biology on the Scripps Florida campus, will be the principal investigator for the new five-year study.

B-cell lymphomas tend to occur in older patients and in those people whose immune system has been compromised. It is one of the most common blood cancers in the United States and kills about 20,000 Americans each year.

The new project will focus on the role of Myc oncoproteinsthe products of Myc oncogeneswhich are activated in over half of all human tumor types. Myc oncoproteins accelerate the rate of cell growth, which increases the risk of acquiring additional mutations that allow a premalignant cell to develop into a full-blown tumor. In this project, the Cleveland lab will investigate the role of a pathway that controls the destruction of a class of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode proteins that regulate the development and maintenance of tumors.

"This grant allows us to focus on a new pathway that is controlled by Myc that we think is suitable to target for the development of new anti-cancer drugs," said Cleveland, who has led numerous studies shedding light on this oncogene. "We are very hopeful that learning more about this process will open the door for the development of new treatments."

Specifically, the new project aims to define the mechanisms by which Myc controls the expression and function of Tristetraprolin or TTP, a mRNA-binding protein that normally controls the destruction of a subset of important mRNAs. Importantly, Research Associate Robert Rounbehler, PhD, and other colleagues in the Cleveland lab have shown that TTP functions as a tumor suppressor that impairs the development and maintenance of B lymphoma. Their findings indicating that agents that regulate TTP or affect its key mRNA targets hold great promise as anti-cancer agents.

###

---

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?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

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Firstly, you should ensure that you ask for case studies and referrals. SEO is far easier to talk about than to carry out proficiently. Ensure that the company has a lineup of happy clients and a very good reputation.

Secondly, the?SEO company?must understand your sector and your business. The specialist should be asking lots of questions in relation to you, your products and your prospects. Only once a accurate comprehension of your business is gained can an SEO consultant create an productive approach that will be worthwhile.

Thirdly, be sure that the SEO consultant is in touch with the latest developments in the SEO earth. The majority of strategies that worked a number of years ago are less efficient, or even utterly useless, these days. If the consultant isn?t up to speed with the present state of the industry you?re unlikely to obtain the success you ?need.

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Volcanic 'plumbing systems' exposed: Step closer to predicting large eruptions with study of mid-ocean ridge magma chambers

ScienceDaily (Mar. 30, 2012) ? Two new studies into the "plumbing systems" that lie under volcanoes could bring scientists closer to predicting large eruptions.

International teams of researchers, led by the University of Leeds, studied the location and behaviour of magma chambers on Earth's mid-ocean ridge system -- a vast chain of volcanoes along which Earth forms new crust.

They worked in Afar (Ethiopia) and Iceland -- the only places where mid-ocean ridges appear above sea level. Volcanic ridges (or "spreading centres") occur when tectonic plates "rift" or pull apart. Magma (hot molten rock) injects itself into weaknesses in the brittle upper crust, erupting as lava and forming new crust upon cooling.

Magma chambers work like plumbing systems, channelling pressurised magma through networks of underground "pipes."

The studies, published in Nature Geoscience, reveal new information about where magma is stored and how it moves through the geological plumbing network. Finding out where magma chambers lie and how they behave can help identify early warning signs of impending eruptions.

Scientists used images taken by the European Space Agency satellite Envisat to measure how the ground moved before, during and after eruptions. Using this data, they built and tested computer models to find out how rifting occurs.

Data in one study showed magma chambers that fed an eruption in November 2008 in the Afar rift of Northern Ethiopia were only about 1 km below the ground. The standard model had predicted a depth of more than 3 km.

It is highly unusual for magma chambers to lie in shallow depths on slow spreading centres such as the Afar rift, where tectonic plates pull apart at about the same speed as human fingernails grow.

Dr Carolina Pagli from the University of Leeds' School of Earth and Environment, who led the study, says: "It was a complete surprise to see that a magma chamber could exist so close to the Earth's surface in an area where the tectonic plates move apart so slowly. The results have changed the way we think about volcanoes."

Dr Pagli also noticed that the ground started "uplifting" (elevating) four months before the eruption, due to new magma increasing pressure in one of the underground chambers. Understanding these precursory signals is fundamental to predicting eruptions.

A wider study of eruptions in Afar and Iceland, two vastly different environments, found remarkable similarities. Many events occurred within a short space of time. Researchers identified multiple magma chambers positioned horizontally and vertically, allowing magma to shoot in several directions. Moving magma triggered earthquakes, and separate magma chambers fed single eruptions.

The 2008 eruption is part of an unusual period of recent volcanic unrest in Ethiopia, and is enabling scientists to learn more about volcanoes at spreading centres. Most spreading centres are under 2 km of water at the bottom of the ocean, making detailed observations extremely challenging. The new knowledge derived from Ethiopian volcanoes will help scientists understand volcanoes in Iceland, where eruptions can have a bigger impact on the UK.

Dr Tim Wright from the School of Earth and Environment, who leads the international Afar Rift Consortium, said: "The dramatic events we have been witnessing in Afar in the past six years are transforming our understanding of how the crust grows when tectonic plates pull apart. Our work in one of the hottest place on Earth is having a direct impact on our understanding of eruptions from the frozen volcanoes of Iceland."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Leeds.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal References:

1. Tim J. Wright, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Carolina Pagli, Manahloh Belachew, Ian J. Hamling, Brynd?s Brandsd?ttir, Derek Keir, Rikke Pedersen, Atalay Ayele, Cindy Ebinger, P?ll Einarsson, Elias Lewi, Eric Calais. Geophysical constraints on the dynamics of spreading centres from rifting episodes on land. Nature Geoscience, 2012; 5 (4): 242 DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1428
2. Carolina Pagli, Tim J. Wright, Cynthia J. Ebinger, Sang-Ho Yun, Johnson R. Cann, Talfan Barnie, Atalay Ayele. Shallow axial magma chamber at the slow-spreading Erta Ale Ridge. Nature Geoscience, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1414

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/tTViBSnmUXU/120330111023.htm

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Hasidic school students 'fined' for Facebook use

Featured

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Suzanne Choney

The smartphone juggernaut continues?in the U.S. According to a new Nielsen report,?49.7 percent of mobile subscribers owned smartphones as ... Read more

15 hrs.

Helen A.S. Popkin

Well, you can't say they weren't warned.

Thirty-three students at a Jewish girl's school in Crown Heights, Brooklyn ponied up a $100 each after they were stone-cold busted using Facebook. This, after signing a contract with Beis Rivkah High School this year in which they agreed to not use the social network, the New York Daily News reports.

?It?s not a modest thing for a Jewish girl ? or man or woman or student or father to be on," head administrator?Rabbi Benzion Stock told the New York Daily News. "There is a lack of privacy and dignity."

The decree is in keeping with Tzniut, a group of laws emphasizing modesty and humility, and observed within the Orthodox Jewish community. Beis Rivkah is a Hasidic school, but this isn't the first time Facebook, modesty and private schools have clashed.

St. Theresa?s College High?School?in Cebu City in the Philippines?barred a senior from participating in her class's graduation ceremony on Friday because she posted a bikini-clad photo of herself on Facebook.

According to Cebu Daily News,?the girl was "cited for violating five provisions in the [St. Theresa?s College?High?School] Student Handbook" which include a rule against "posing and uploading pictures on the Internet that entail ample body exposure," and "engaging in immoral, indecent, obscene or lewd acts."

The crackdown at Beis Rivkah High School came last week after administrators discovered some of their 495 students still active on Facebook, according to the New York Daily News. Head administrator Stock said parents were "shocked" to learn their daughters were still using the social network.

One sophomore who said she's Facebook friends with her mom, isn't happy with the crackdown. ?If I post a picture, I don?t just send it to everybody," Sarah Freid, 15,?told the New York Daily News. "I don?t do bad things online,? she added. ?I?m friends with my mom.?

All 33 girls were asked to delete their accounts by the end of the week, but they'll get their $100 back at the end of the year.?

Helen A.S. Popkin goes blah blah blah about the Internet. Tell her to get a real job?on?Twitter?and/or?Facebook. Also,?Google+.

Source: http://www.technolog.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/students-hasidic-school-fined-100-using-facebook-597814

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New gene therapy approach developed for red blood cell disorders

ScienceDaily (Mar. 27, 2012) ? A team of researchers led by scientists at Weill Cornell Medical College has designed what appears to be a powerful gene therapy strategy that can treat both beta-thalassemia disease and sickle cell anemia. They have also developed a test to predict patient response before treatment.

This study's findings, published in PLoS ONE, represents a new approach to treating these related, and serious, red blood cells disorders, say the investigators.

"This gene therapy technique has the potential to cure many patients, especially if we prescreen them to predict their response using just a few of their cells in a test tube," says the study's lead investigator, Dr. Stefano Rivella, Ph.D., an associate professor of genetic medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College. He led a team of 17 researchers in three countries.

Dr. Rivella says this is the first time investigators have been able to correlate the outcome of transferring a healthy beta-globin gene into diseased cells with increased production of normal hemoglobin -- which has long been a barrier to effective treatment of these disease.

So far, only one patient in France has been treated with gene therapy for beta thalassemia, and Dr. Rivella and his colleagues believe the new treatment they developed will be a significant improvement. No known patient has received gene therapy yet to treat sickle cell anemia.

A Fresh Approach to Gene Therapy

Beta-thalassemia is an inherited disease caused by defects in the beta-globin gene. This gene produces an essential part of the hemoglobin protein, which, in the form of red blood cells, carries life-sustaining oxygen throughout the body.

The new gene transfer technique developed by Dr. Rivella and his colleagues ensures that the beta-globin gene that is delivered will be active, and that it will also provide more curative beta-globin protein. "Since the defect in thalassemia is lack of production of beta-globin protein in red blood cells, this is very important," Dr. Rivella says.

The researchers achieved this advance by hooking an "ankyrin insulator" to the beta-globin gene that is carried by a lentivirus vector. During the gene transfer, this vector would be inserted into bone marrow stem cells taken from patients, and then delivered back via a bone marrow transplant. The stem cells would then produce healthy beta-globin protein and hemoglobin.

This ankyrin insulator achieves two goals. First, it protects delivery of the normal beta-globin gene. "In many gene therapy applications, a curative gene is introduced into the cells of patients in an indiscriminate fashion," Dr. Rivella explains. "The gene lands randomly in the genome of the patient, but where it lands is very important because not all regions of the genome are the same." For example, some therapeutic genes may land in an area of the genome that is normally silenced -- meaning the genes in this area are not expressed. "The role of ankyrin insulator is to create an active area in the genome where the new gene can work efficiently no matter where it lands," Dr. Rivella says. He adds that the small insulator used in his vector should eliminate the kind of side effects seen in the French patient treated with beta-thalassemia gene therapy.

The research team also discovered that the insulator increases the efficiency by which the beta-globin gene is transcribed during the process of making the red blood cells. "We found the gene is integrated into cells which have not yet begun to make red blood cells, and when they do, the beta-globin gene is activated," Dr. Rivella says. "We showed that if the insulator is present, activation of the curative gene is more efficient. This provides more curative protein to red blood cells."

The study further provides evidence that the vector had different rates of efficiency depending on the beta-thalassemia mutation it was used in -- thus providing the basis for a predictive test in patients. The investigators tested 19 different beta-thalassemia samples comprising the two types commonly found in patients -- "beta-zero" cells that do not produce any beta-globin (forcing patients to receive blood transfusions throughout life), and "beta-plus" cells that produce suboptimal levels of hemoglobin. On average, they found that one copy of the vector in beta-zero cells produced 55 percent of the adult hemoglobin seen in normal individuals. Beta-plus cells, after treatment, produced hemoglobin comparable to a healthy individual, and were thus cured.

"The variable nature of the beta-thalassemia mutations suggests that some patients would be better candidates for gene therapy than others, and that success of gene therapy depends on the ability of a specific vector to make hemoglobin," Dr. Rivella says. "This is something we can test in advance using a little bit of a patient's blood -- which is quite extraordinary."

The issue in sickle cell anemia is very different, Dr. Rivella says. The hemoglobin protein is made in the right quantities, but it is not normal -- the red cell is shaped like a sickle and is abnormal in function. "One of the problem in gene therapy of sickle cell anemia is to add a new gene without increasing too much the total amount of protein, both normal and sickle. This would cause other problems," he says.

By treating eight cell specimens taken from sickle cell anemia patients, the investigators discovered that attaching the ankyrin insulator to a normal beta-globin gene increases the amount of normal beta globin protein while reducing the quantity of sickled protein. "The total amount of protein stays the same, which is very important," says first author Dr. Laura Breda, pediatric research associate at Weill Cornell Medical College.

The researchers say that their advances will likely make a substantial impact on a number of fields, including gene regulation and transfer and the design of gene therapy trials. "This study represents a fresh departure from previously published work in the field of gene therapy," Dr. Rivella says.

The study was funded by the Cooley's Anemia Foundation (CAF), the Veneta Association for the Fight Against Thalassemia (Italy), the Carlo and Micol Schejola Foundation, the Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation, the Clinical and Translational Science Center, the Carlo and Micol Schejola Foundation, Telethon, and grants from the National Institutes of Health.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center/Weill Cornell Medical College, via Newswise.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

---

Journal Reference:

1. Laura Breda, Carla Casu, Sara Gardenghi, Nicoletta Bianchi, Luca Cartegni, Mohandas Narla, Karina Yazdanbakhsh, Marco Musso, Deepa Manwani, Jane Little, Lawrence B. Gardner, Dorothy A. Kleinert, Eugenia Prus, Eitan Fibach, Robert W. Grady, Patricia J. Giardina, Roberto Gambari, Stefano Rivella. Therapeutic Hemoglobin Levels after Gene Transfer in ?-Thalassemia Mice and in Hematopoietic Cells of ?-Thalassemia and Sickle Cells Disease Patients. PLoS ONE, 2012; 7 (3): e32345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032345

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/uneO8FW5bDQ/120327215700.htm

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Scot Murray advances to Miami semi-finals

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/scot-murray-advances-miami-semi-finals-231833559.html

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Airline crew member mental health in spotlight after captain's breakdown

Clayton Osbon, who had been flying for nearly 25 years, allegedly began yelling at air traffic controllers and later ran toward the cockpit door after getting locked out. He has been charged with interfering with a flight crew. NBC's Tom Costello reports.

By Rebecca Ruiz, Senior editor, msnbc.com

Two recent incidents in which airline crew members behaved alarmingly and had to be restrained by passengers have raised questions about when and how aviation workers are screened for mental health problems.

On Tuesday, JetBlue captain Clayton Osbon, 49, was locked out of the cockpit by his co-pilot after he began acting erratically on Flight 191 from New York to Las Vegas. The captain, since charged with interfering with a flight crew and now getting medical care, was upset when he couldn't get back into the cockpit and began yelling about an unspecified threat linked to Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan.

Osbon "became increasingly agitated," and several passengers grabbed the pilot, "tackled him to the ground" and sat on him, passenger Tony Antolino told TODAY's Ann Curry.

It is not yet clear if anxiety or mental health issues led to Osbon's behavior. JetBlue said in a blog post that it will not share further details about the captain's "private life."

Osbon's last medical exam was four months ago, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) told msnbc.com. "He has a clean record, no incidents or accidents and the FAA has not taken any type of enforcement action against him," the agency said in a statement.

JetBlue CEO Dave Barger called the pilot, who was suspended on Wednesday, a "consummate professional."

JetBlue CEO Dave Barger speaks out after a JetBlue flight made an emergency landing due to a pilot's mid-air meltdown.

Earlier this month, an American Airlines flight attendant was removed from a flight after becoming combative and talking about the airline's bankruptcy and 9/11 on the plane's public-address system. Officers were also told that the 43-year-old woman was bipolar and was not taking her medication at the time, according to a police report on the incident.

John Cox, an aviation safety consultant and former airline pilot, told the Associated Press that incidents in which pilots become mentally incapacitated during a flight are "pretty rare." He said he could only recall two or three other examples in the more than 40 years he has been following commercial aviation.

While uncommon, these incidents have shown how crew member mental health is an important aspect of flight security and can be exacerbated by the high-stress environment of commercial flying.

The FAA requires that airline pilots have a first-class medical certificate, which must be renewed annually if the pilot is under 40 and every six months if the pilot is older than 40. To receive the certificate, pilots undergo a physical examination by an FAA-designated physician. A psychological assessment is not part of the evaluation, but the physician can order testing if deemed necessary. The pilots are responsible for disclosing all existing physical and psychological conditions and may have their certificate revoked if they withhold that information.?

The FAA grounds pilots who disclose that they are being treated for depression or request treatment. The pilot has to be "stable" for 12 months before returning to the cockpit.

A pilot undergoing treatment for depression is required to provide a report from a psychiatrist which details the diagnosis, course of treatment and possible side effects from medication. The pilot also has to submit to psychological testing and prepare a written statement describing his or her use of antidepressants.

The FAA can make an exception for pilots who take one of four antidepressants approved by the agency as safe to use for treating mild-to-moderate depression. In these instances, medical certificates are given on a case-by-case basis.?

Tony Antolino and Laurie Dhue, passengers aboard the JetBlue flight that made an emergency landing after the pilot had a mid-air meltdown, talk to TODAY's Ann Curry about the bizarre incident.

Of the 120,000 U.S. commercial airline pilots, 27 have taken advantage of the anti-depressant policy and have been permitted to fly while using the approved medications, according to the FAA. The agency does not have a similar policy regarding anxiety disorders or medications.

The FAA, which has said that depression "can lead to distraction and make it difficult for a pilot to focus," implemented the anti-depressant policy in 2010.?

?I?m encouraging pilots who are suffering from depression or using antidepressants to report their medical condition to the FAA,? said FAA Administrator Randy Babbitt in a statement at the time. ?We need to change the culture and remove the stigma associated with depression. Pilots should be able to get the medical treatment they need so they can safely perform their duties.?

The Air Line Pilots Association and the US Airline Pilots Association, both pilots' unions, have yet to respond to msnbc.com's requests for comment.

Dr. David Ballard, an expert on mental health policies in the workplace at the American Psychological Association, says the FAA's policy is fairly unusual because it must balance airplane and passenger security and the rights of the individual employee. Still, Ballard says, requiring employees to disclose mental health disorders can lead to a chilling effect and prevent them from seeking treatment in the first place.?

When addressed, a mental health disorder can be very treatable. "You obviously don?t want someone who is going to be unable to perform their job duties safely and effectively," Ballard said, "but just because someone has a mental health disorder, that doesn't mean they won?t be able to do their job well."

Unlike pilots, flight attendants do not undergo a medical examination, and airlines are not permitted to ask about mental health conditions. Flight attendants are certified by the FAA after completing a rigorous training program that emphasizes first-responder skills in emergency situations. Should a flight attendant seek treatment for a mental health condition, his or her FAA certification will not be endangered.

Corey Caldwell, a spokesperson for the Association of Flight Attendants, a union with nearly 60,000 members, says that training and a probationary period provide many opportunities to identify crew members who might have debilitating mental health conditions that could be triggered by tense situations.?

"I think it?s important to remember that the American Airlines flight attendant was a 23-year-veteran," said Caldwell. "Over two decades she'd been performing that [first responder] role. These two high-profile examples ... are not necessarily systemic of the population at large, but they do highlight extremely stressful situations [crew members] undergo on a daily basis."

Caldwell says that union members have increasingly reported in the past years that the stress of their profession is "escalating." Between the post-9/11 focus on security threats, the strain of airline bankruptcies and labor negotiations, and the fatigue that results from tighter schedules, the job now takes a greater emotional toll than it once did.

AFA offers members access to an employee assistance program, which provides mental health resources on request. Members can also report concerns they may have over the behavior or well-being of fellow attendants and, if needed, the AFA will get that individual help without involving airline management.

JetBlue and American Airlines crew members do not belong to the AFA, though JetBlue said on Wednesday that it does offer an employee assistance program, and that, "crew members are also able, and expected, to call a safety time-out should they need it, and the company will support them 100 percent."

"I don?t think these instances will stigmatize the profession," said Caldwell. "They?ll help shed light on the seriousness and stressfulness of this job on a daily basis."

The Associated Press and NBC 5 contributed to this report.

Related stories:

Rebecca Ruiz is a senior editor at msnbc.com and a Rosalynn Carter Mental Health Journalism Fellow.

Source: http://overheadbin.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/03/28/10903150-airline-crew-member-mental-health-in-spotlight-after-captains-breakdown

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Computer hardware the core essential of a computer system ...

There are numerous professions in the industry but computers are the one that people are opting for. There is a tremendous technological revolution towards which the youth curve is bending. They want to have a future with computer filed as they know that it is never going to be lacking behind or fall out of fashion. It is certain to keep giving tremendous returns. The interest is penetrating enough that along with software, there is a need to know everything about computer hardware too. They want to know about every minor part of the central processing unit of a computer and other parts. In fact hardware and software are the two names that go along in the entire computer history; people can specialize in either of them or both.

For those who are interested, there are many hardware and networking courses that train the individuals for the purposes. These courses give them the knowledge about computer software and hardware regarding specific courses or they even train them to excel in computers with various certifications, one of which is Cisco CCNA. This certification gives the candidates an edge over the others and keeps them apart with their excelled skills and knowledge. When employed, they are given a preference over others who just have the basic knowledge of computers. It is very essential in this highly competitive world.

The hardware is one profession which is always going to keep one engaged whether they are the computers from a major multi-national or a simple desktop at one?s house. The computer engineers are the one who are never going to fall out of work. The computer engineers have also excelled in the software department and so they know what will be the best that suits your system or they can fix the problem of a computer software or hardware within few minutes. Taking care of hardware, the software networking is also equally important. Networking is the connection between two or more computer systems. This process is done to accelerate the functioning of the business.

Networking if done with more than two systems is very convenient, as all the systems can easily share the files whenever required. The career in networking is also very successful as no business can function without it and so there is always going to be a need for it. The hardware and networking is progressing at a pace as much as the technology is. Computer hardware can be defined as plain magnetic or electronic device that carries out various computing functions. Hardware is basically the physical components of a computer like the motherboard, RAM, hard disk and microprocessor. All of these play a vital role in the computer functioning, malfunctioning of any of these can lead to loss of information as well the computer cannot work at all.

It is always good to have the basic knowledge but if you want a definite career then you should go for proper training and the certification with computer hardware and software networking.

Source: http://genecast.com/Computers/Hardware/computer-hardware-the-core-essential-of-a-computer-system-39858.html

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Former commissioner Tom Scott announces for elections supervisor (tbo)

Share With Friends: | | Politics - Top Stories Stories, News Feeds and News via Feedzilla.

Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/209907247?client_source=feed&format=rss

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Gladstone Scientists identify key mechanism involved in Type 2 diabetes

Public release date: 28-Mar-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Diane Schrick
diane.schrick@gladstone.ucsf.edu
415-734-2538
Gladstone Institutes

Findings may lead to new strategies to address insulin resistance

Scientists at the Gladstone Institutes have discovered a key protein that regulates insulin resistancethe diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin and which sets the stage for the development of the most common form of diabetes. This breakthrough points to a new way to potentially treat or forestall type 2 diabetes, a rapidly growing global health problem.

In a paper being published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers in the laboratory of Gladstone Investigator Katerina Akassoglou, PhD, describe an unexpected role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in controlling how the body processes sugar. Called p75NTR, this receptor protein is usually associated with functions in neurons.

"We identified that p75NTR is a unique player in glucose metabolism," said Dr. Akassoglou, who is also an associate professor of neurology at the University of California, San Francisco, with which Gladstone is affiliated. "Therapies targeted at p75NTR may represent a new therapeutic approach for diabetes."

The pancreas makes a hormone called insulin that processes glucose, moving it from the bloodstream into the body's cells where it is used for energy. Insulin resistance is a key feature of Type 2 diabetes, in which glucose builds up in the bloodstream and the body's cells are unable to function properly. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 20 million Americans have type 2 diabetes.

"Type 2 diabetes has become a very serious health problem and it is increasing at an alarming rate," said Lennart Mucke, MD, who directs the institute in which the research was conducted. "These findings provide an important new avenue for developing better therapies to combat this deadly diseasethe seventh leading cause of death in the United States."

Complex signaling interactions between several different types of tissueincluding fat, liver, muscle and brainregulate glucose metabolism. Because p75NTR is found in fat and muscle tissue and participates in many important functions in the cell, Gladstone scientists hypothesized that p75NTR might also help to regulate glucose metabolism.

To study this, the researchers used mice that lacked the genes for p75NTR. They compared these mice to normal mice and discovered that those lacking p75NTR were more responsive to insulin when fed a normal diet. Second, they used some molecular biology tricks to block the action of the p75NTR protein in fat cells. This also resulted in increased glucose absorption in response to insulin. In contrast, when they caused the fat cells to make more p75NTR, glucose absorption was reduced. Additionally, the researchers found that another important regulatory molecule, Rab5, played a key role in p75NTR's impact on metabolism.

"Importantly, regulation by p75NTR enhanced insulin's effectiveness in normal lean mice on a normal diet," said Bernat Baeza-Raja, PhD, postdoctoral fellow and lead author of the study. "Because these mice already process glucose efficiently, the actions of p75NTR on glucose transport indicate a direct role of this protein in the regulation of glucose metabolism."

"Our studies of p75NTR's unanticipated role in regulating glucose metabolism suggest a new target for drug therapies," said Dr. Akassoglou. "Future work is needed to test whether this finding may translate into a potential treatment."

###

This study was a collaborative work between scientists at Gladstone, the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), the University of Michigan and the University of Houston. Other scientists who participated in this research at Gladstone include Natacha Le Moan, PhD, Christian Schachtrup, PhD, Dimitrios Davalos, PhD, and Eirini Vagena. Jerrold Olefsky, PhD, and Pingping Li, PhD, at UCSD were co-senior and co-first authors, respectively. Funding was provided by a variety of sources, including the National Institutes of Health, the University of California San Francisco Liver Center and Diabetes and Endocrinology Center and the R. A. Welch Foundation.

About the Gladstone Institutes

Gladstone is an independent and nonprofit biomedical-research organization dedicated to accelerating the pace of scientific discovery and innovation to prevent, treat and cure cardiovascular, viral and neurological diseases. Gladstone is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 28-Mar-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Diane Schrick
diane.schrick@gladstone.ucsf.edu
415-734-2538
Gladstone Institutes

Findings may lead to new strategies to address insulin resistance

Scientists at the Gladstone Institutes have discovered a key protein that regulates insulin resistancethe diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin and which sets the stage for the development of the most common form of diabetes. This breakthrough points to a new way to potentially treat or forestall type 2 diabetes, a rapidly growing global health problem.

In a paper being published online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers in the laboratory of Gladstone Investigator Katerina Akassoglou, PhD, describe an unexpected role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in controlling how the body processes sugar. Called p75NTR, this receptor protein is usually associated with functions in neurons.

"We identified that p75NTR is a unique player in glucose metabolism," said Dr. Akassoglou, who is also an associate professor of neurology at the University of California, San Francisco, with which Gladstone is affiliated. "Therapies targeted at p75NTR may represent a new therapeutic approach for diabetes."

The pancreas makes a hormone called insulin that processes glucose, moving it from the bloodstream into the body's cells where it is used for energy. Insulin resistance is a key feature of Type 2 diabetes, in which glucose builds up in the bloodstream and the body's cells are unable to function properly. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 20 million Americans have type 2 diabetes.

"Type 2 diabetes has become a very serious health problem and it is increasing at an alarming rate," said Lennart Mucke, MD, who directs the institute in which the research was conducted. "These findings provide an important new avenue for developing better therapies to combat this deadly diseasethe seventh leading cause of death in the United States."

Complex signaling interactions between several different types of tissueincluding fat, liver, muscle and brainregulate glucose metabolism. Because p75NTR is found in fat and muscle tissue and participates in many important functions in the cell, Gladstone scientists hypothesized that p75NTR might also help to regulate glucose metabolism.

To study this, the researchers used mice that lacked the genes for p75NTR. They compared these mice to normal mice and discovered that those lacking p75NTR were more responsive to insulin when fed a normal diet. Second, they used some molecular biology tricks to block the action of the p75NTR protein in fat cells. This also resulted in increased glucose absorption in response to insulin. In contrast, when they caused the fat cells to make more p75NTR, glucose absorption was reduced. Additionally, the researchers found that another important regulatory molecule, Rab5, played a key role in p75NTR's impact on metabolism.

"Importantly, regulation by p75NTR enhanced insulin's effectiveness in normal lean mice on a normal diet," said Bernat Baeza-Raja, PhD, postdoctoral fellow and lead author of the study. "Because these mice already process glucose efficiently, the actions of p75NTR on glucose transport indicate a direct role of this protein in the regulation of glucose metabolism."

"Our studies of p75NTR's unanticipated role in regulating glucose metabolism suggest a new target for drug therapies," said Dr. Akassoglou. "Future work is needed to test whether this finding may translate into a potential treatment."

###

This study was a collaborative work between scientists at Gladstone, the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), the University of Michigan and the University of Houston. Other scientists who participated in this research at Gladstone include Natacha Le Moan, PhD, Christian Schachtrup, PhD, Dimitrios Davalos, PhD, and Eirini Vagena. Jerrold Olefsky, PhD, and Pingping Li, PhD, at UCSD were co-senior and co-first authors, respectively. Funding was provided by a variety of sources, including the National Institutes of Health, the University of California San Francisco Liver Center and Diabetes and Endocrinology Center and the R. A. Welch Foundation.

About the Gladstone Institutes

Gladstone is an independent and nonprofit biomedical-research organization dedicated to accelerating the pace of scientific discovery and innovation to prevent, treat and cure cardiovascular, viral and neurological diseases. Gladstone is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-03/gi-gsi032812.php

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S&P cuts South Africa rating outlook to negative

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/p-cuts-south-africa-rating-outlook-negative-145306600.html

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Boehner feels heat as transport funding deadline looms

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